J: Tani waa su'aal ay qaar badan oo ka mid ah soosaarayaasha alaabadu rabaan inay waydiiyaan, dabcan jawaabta ugu badan waa "maxaa yeelay heerka badbaadada ayaa qeexaya."Haddii aad si qoto dheer u fahmi karto asalka xeerarka badbaadada korantada, waxaad heli doontaa mas'uuliyadda ka dambeysa.macne leh.Inkasta oo baaritaanka badbaadada korantada ay waqti yar ku qaadato khadka wax soo saarka, waxay kuu ogolaaneysaa inaad hoos u dhigto khatarta dib u warshadaynta ee khatarta korontada.Sixitaanku marka ugu horeysa waa habka saxda ah ee lagu dhimi karo kharashaadka iyo ilaalinta niyadda.
J: Tijaabada dhaawaca korantada waxaa inta badan loo kala qaybiyaa afarta nooc ee soo socota: Dielectric adkeysi/Tijaabada Hipot: Tijaabada danab adkeysigu waxa ay khusaysaa danab sare oo awooda iyo wareegyada dhulka ee sheyga waxa ayna cabbirtaa xaaladeeda burburka.Tijaabada Iska-caabbinta Go'doominta: Cabbir xaaladda dahaarka korantada ee alaabta.Tijaabada Hadda Leekaha: Ogow in qulqulka hadda ee korontada AC/DC ee teerminalka dhulka uu ka badan yahay heerka.Dhulka Ilaalinta: Tijaabi in dhismayaasha birta ah ee la heli karo ay yihiin kuwo si habboon loo qotomiyey.
J: Badbaadada tijaabiyaasha ee soo saarayaasha ama shaybaadhka tijaabada, waxaa lagu dhaqmi jiray Yurub sanado badan.Haddii ay tahay soosaarayaasha iyo tijaabiyaasha qalabka elektarooniga ah, alaabada tignoolajiyada macluumaadka, qalabka guriga, qalabka farsamada ama qalabyada kale, xeerarka badbaadada kala duwan Waxaa jira cutubyo ka mid ah xeerarka, haddii ay tahay UL, IEC, EN, oo ay ku jiraan calaamadaynta goobta tijaabada (shaqaale goobta, goobta qalabka, goobta DUT), calaamadaynta qalabka (si cad loo calaamadeeyay "khatar" ama walxaha tijaabada) , xaaladda dhulka ee goobta shaqada qalabka iyo tas-hiilaadka kale ee la xiriira, iyo awoodda dahaarka korantada ee qalab kasta oo tijaabo ah (IEC 61010).
A: U adkaysiga imtixaanka danab ama imtixaanka danab sare (HIPOT) waa 100% heerka loo isticmaalo si loo xaqiijiyo tayada iyo sifooyinka ammaanka korontada ee alaabta (sida kuwa looga baahan yahay JSI, CSA, BSI, UL, IEC, TUV, iwm caalamiga ah. Wakaaladaha badbaadada) Sidoo kale waa tijaabada badbaadada khadka wax soo saarka ee ugu caansan uguna caansan.Tijaabada HIPOT waa tijaabo aan wax dumin ahayn si loo go'aamiyo in qalabka dahaadhka korantada ay si ku filan u adkaysanayaan danabyada sare ee ku meel gaadhka ah, waana tijaabo sare oo danab ah oo lagu dabaqi karo dhammaan qalabka si loo hubiyo in walxaha dahaadhka ahi ku filan yihiin.Sababaha kale ee loo sameeyo baaritaanka HIPOT waa in ay ogaan karto cilladaha suurtagalka ah sida masaafada gurguurta oo aan ku filneyn iyo nadiifinta ay sababtay habka wax soo saarka.
A: Caadiyan, qaabka hirarka danabka ee nidaamka korantadu waa mawjadda sinaha.Inta lagu jiro nidaamka korontadu, sababtoo ah hillaac ku dhacaya, hawlgalka, cilladaha ama isbarbardhigga qalabka korantada ee aan habboonayn, korantada qaybo ka mid ah nidaamka ayaa si lama filaan ah kor ugu kacda oo aad uga gudubta korantada la qiimeeyo, taas oo ah xad-dhaaf ah.Korodhka xad-dhaafka ah waxa loo qaybin karaa laba qaybood iyadoo loo eegayo sababaha.Mid waa kororka kororka ay keento hillaaca tooska ah ama hillaaca kicinta, kaas oo loo yaqaan overvoltage dibadda.Baaxadda hillaaca hadda socda iyo danabku waa weyn yihiin, waqtiguna aad buu u gaaban yahay, taas oo ah mid aad u burbursan.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sababtoo ah xadhkaha sare ee 3-10kV iyo wixii ka hooseeya ee magaalooyinka iyo guud ahaan shirkadaha warshadaha waxaa lagu ilaaliyaa aqoon-is-weydaarsiyo ama dhismayaal dhaadheer, suurtogalnimada in danab toos ah uu ku dhaco aad bay u yar tahay, taas oo ah mid ammaan ah.Waxaa intaa dheer, waxa halkan lagaga wada hadlay waa qalabka korontada guriga, kaas oo aan ku jirin baaxadda kor lagu soo sheegay, oo aan laga sii hadli doonin.Nooca kale waxaa keena beddelka tamarta ama isbeddelka cabbiraadda gudaha nidaamka tamarta, sida ku-habboonaanta khadka aan-load-ka ahayn, goynta transformer-ka wax-load-ka, iyo daminta hal-waji ee nidaamka, kaas oo loo yaqaan 'internal overvoltage'.Korodhka gudaha ayaa ah saldhigga ugu weyn ee lagu go'aaminayo heerka dahaarka caadiga ah ee qalabka korantada ee kala duwan ee nidaamka korantada.Taasi waa in la yiraahdo, naqshadeynta qaab dhismeedka dahaarka ee alaabta waa in ay tixgeliyaan ma aha oo kaliya tamarta la qiimeeyay laakiin sidoo kale xad-dhaafka gudaha ee deegaanka isticmaalka alaabta.Tijaabada korantada adkeysigu waa in la ogaado in qaab dhismeedka dahaarka ee alaabtu uu u adkeysan karo kororka gudaha ee nidaamka korantada.
A: Sida caadiga ah AC tijaabada korantada u adkeysaneyso waa ka aqbali karo wakaaladaha badbaadadaSababta ugu weyn ayaa ah in inta badan walxaha tijaabada lagu sameeyay ay ku hoos shaqeyn doonaan korantada AC, AC-gu tijaabinta korantada waxay bixisaa faa'iidada beddelka laba polarities si loo adkeeyo dahaarka, taas oo u dhow walaaca alaabtu la kulmi doonto isticmaalka dhabta ah.Mar haddii tijaabada AC aanu dallacin culayska awoodda, akhrinta hadda socotaa waxay ahaanaysaa sidii hore laga bilaabo bilawga codsiga danab ilaa dhammaadka imtixaanka.Sidaa darteed, looma baahna in kor loo qaado korantada maadaama aysan jirin arrimo xasilin oo loo baahan yahay si loola socdo akhrinta hadda.Tani waxay la macno tahay in haddii sheyga tijaabada ku jira uu dareemo koronto si lama filaan ah u codsatay, hawlwadeenku isla markiiba wuxuu codsan karaa danab buuxa oo akhrin kara hadda isagoon sugin.Maadaama koronta AC aysan dallacin culeyska, looma baahna in la sii daayo aaladda tijaabada kadib baaritaanka.
J: Marka la tijaabinayo culaysyada awooda, wadarta hadda jirta waxay ka kooban tahay qulqulo fal-celin iyo dareere ah.Marka cadadka hadda fal-celiska ahi uu aad uga weyn yahay kan hadda daadanaya ee runta ah, waxa laga yaabaa in ay adkaato in la ogaado badeecadaha leh dareere xad-dhaaf ah.Marka la tijaabinayo culayska awoodda badan, wadarta hadda loo baahan yahay ayaa aad uga weyn kan hadda daadsan laftiisa.Tani waxay noqon kartaa khatar weyn maadaama hawlwadeenku uu la kulmayo qulqulka sare
Taxanaha RK71 ee Barraamijka U adkaysan kara Tijaabada Korantada
J: Marka aaladda tijaabada ku jirta (DUT) si buuxda loo dallaco, kaliya daadinta runta ah ayaa socota.Tani waxay awood u siinaysaa Tijaabada Hipot-ka DC inuu si cad u muujiyo qulqulka dhabta ah ee hadda socda ee alaabta la tijaabinayo.Sababtoo ah dallacaadda hadda jirta waa cimri gaaban, shuruudaha awooda DC ee tijaabiyaha korantada ayaa inta badan aad uga yar ta tijaabiyaha awooda AC ee loo isticmaalo in lagu tijaabiyo isla badeecada.
J: Maadaama tijaabada korantada ee DC ay ku dallacdo DUT, si loo baabi'iyo khatarta shoogga korantada ee hawlwadeenka gacanta ku haya DUT ka dib tijaabada korantada adkeysiga, DUT waa in la sii daayaa imtixaanka ka dib.Tijaabada DC waxay dalacaysaa capacitor-ka.Haddii DUT ay dhab ahaantii isticmaasho awoodda AC, habka DC kama dhigna xaaladda dhabta ah.
A: Waxaa jira laba nooc oo ah imtixaanada danab u adkeysanaya: AC u adkeysiga tijaabada danabka iyo DC u adkeysiga tijaabada danabka.Sababo la xiriira sifooyinka alaabta dahaadhka ah, hababka burburka ee danabyada AC iyo DC way kala duwan yihiin.Inta badan agabka iyo nidaamyada dahaadhka waxay ka kooban yihiin warbaahin kala duwan.Marka danabka tijaabada AC lagu dabaqo, danabku waxa loo qaybin doonaa si loo qiyaaso cabbirrada sida joogtaynta dielectric iyo cabbirrada walxaha.Halka korantada DC ay kaliya u qaybiso danabku marka loo eego iska caabinta walxaha.Dhab ahaantii, burburka qaab dhismeedka dahaadhka ah waxaa inta badan sababa koronto, burbur kuleyl, dheecaan iyo qaabab kale isku mar, wayna adagtahay in si buuxda loo kala saaro.Iyo danab AC waxay kordhisaa suurtagalnimada burburka kulaylka ee danabka DC.Sidaa darteed, waxaanu rumaysanahay in AC-ku tijaabinta danabku uu ka adag yahay kan DC-ga.Hawlgalka dhabta ah, marka la fulinayo tijaabada korantada adkeysiga, haddii DC loo isticmaalo tijaabada korantada adkeysiga, tamarta tijaabada ayaa looga baahan yahay inay ka sarreyso tamarta tijaabada ee inta jeer ee awoodda AC.Korantada tijaabada ah ee guud ahaan DC-ga u adkeysiga tamarta waxaa lagu dhuftey K joogta ah qiimaha waxtarka leh ee tamarta tijaabada AC.Imtixaannada isbarbardhigga, waxaan leenahay natiijooyinka soo socda: silig iyo alaabada fiilada, K joogto ah waa 3;warshadaha duulista, K joogto ah waa 1.6 ilaa 1.7;CSA guud ahaan waxay u isticmaashaa 1.414 alaabta rayidka ah.
A: Korantada tijaabada ee go'aamisa tijaabada korantada adkeysiga waxay ku xiran tahay suuqa alaabtaada la gelin doono, waana inaad u hoggaansantaa heerarka amniga ama xeerarka qayb ka ah xeerarka xakamaynta soo dejinta ee dalka.Korantada tijaabada iyo wakhtiga tijaabada ee tijaabada korantada adkeysiga ayaa lagu qeexay heerka badbaadada.Xaaladda ugu fiican ayaa ah inaad weydiisato macmiilkaaga inuu ku siiyo shuruudaha imtixaanka ee khuseeya.Korantada tijaabada ah ee tijaabada danab guud ee adkaysiga guud waa sida soo socota: haddii danabka shaqadu uu u dhexeeyo 42V iyo 1000V, danab tijaabadu waa laba jeer tamarta shaqada oo lagu daray 1000V.Korontada tijaabada ah waxa lagu dabaqayaa 1 daqiiqo.Tusaale ahaan, alaabta ku shaqaynaysa 230V, korantada imtixaanku waa 1460V.Haddii wakhtiga codsiga danabku la soo gaabiyo, tamarta tijaabada waa in la kordhiyaa.Tusaale ahaan, xaaladaha tijaabada khadka wax soo saarka ee UL 935:
| xaalad | Waqtiga codsiga (ilbiriqsi) | danab codsatay |
| A | 60 | 1000V + (2 x V) |
| B | 1 | 1200V + (2.4 x V) |
| V= danab la qiimeeyay ugu badnaan | ||
A: Awoodda Hipot Tester waxa ay tilmaamaysaa soo saaristeeda koronto.Awoodda tijaabiyaha korantada ee adkeysiga waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa wax soo saarka ugu badan ee hadda x ugu badnaan wax soo saarka.Tusaale: 5000Vx100mA=500VA
A: Awoodda qalloocan ee shayga la tijaabiyay ayaa ah sababta ugu weyn ee farqiga u dhexeeya qiyamka la cabbiray ee AC iyo DC u adkeysanaya tijaabooyinka tamarta.Awoodahan qalloocan waxaa laga yaabaa inaan si buuxda loo dallacin marka AC lagu tijaabinayo, waxaana jiri doona qulqul joogto ah oo dhex qulqulaya awoodaha baadi ah.Tijaabada DC-ga, marka awoodda khaldan ee DUT si buuxda loo dallaco, waxa hadha waa daadinta dhabta ah ee hadda DUT.Sidaa darteed, qiimaha daadad ee hadda lagu cabbiro AC-ku-tijaabada korantada iyo tijaabada korantada ee DC-gu way ka duwanaan doontaa.
J: Insulators waa kuwo aan shaqaynayn, laakiin dhab ahaantii ma jiraan wax dahaarka ah oo gebi ahaanba aan waxtar lahayn.Walax kasta oo dahaadhaysa, marka danab la dul maro, wax hadda socda ayaa had iyo jeer dhex qulquli doona.Qaybta firfircoon ee hadda waxa loo yaqaan qulqulka hadda jira, ifafaalahan waxa kale oo loo yaqaan daadinta dahaarka.Tijaabada qalabka korantada, qulqulka qulqulka waxaa loola jeedaa hadda ay sameysteen dhexdhexaadka ku wareegsan ama dusha dahaaran ee u dhexeeya qaybaha birta ah ee leh dahaarka wadajirka ah, ama inta u dhaxaysa qaybaha nool iyo qaybaha dhulka la'aanta ah ee cilladda lagu dabaqay.waa daadinta hadda.Marka loo eego halbeegga US UL, qulqulka hadda jira waa kan hadda laga samayn karo qaybaha la heli karo ee qalabka guriga, oo ay ku jiraan qulqulo awood leh.Hadda dheecaanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba qaybood, qayb ka mid ah waa conduction hadda I1 iyada oo loo marayo caabbinta dahaarka;Qaybta kale waa barokaca hadda I2 iyada oo loo marayo awoodda la qaybiyey, falcelinta awoodda dambe waa XC=1/2pfc waxayna u dhigantaa inta jeer ee korontada, iyo awoodda hadda la qaybiyey waxay kordhisaa inta jeer.koror, markaa qulqulka qulqulaya wuxuu kordhiyaa inta jeer ee korontadu.Tusaale ahaan: isticmaalka thyristor ee tamarta, qaybaheeda iswaafajinta waxay kordhiyaan qulqulka hadda.
J: Tijaabada korantada adkeysigu waa in la ogaado qulqulka hadda socda ee ku socda nidaamka dahaadhka shayga tijaabada ku jira, oo ku dheji danab ka sarreeya tamarta shaqada nidaamka dahaarka;halka korontadu ka daadato hadda (contact current) ay tahay in la ogaado qulqulka qulqulka shayga lagu tijaabinayo hawlgalka caadiga ah.Cabbir qulqulka qulqulka shayga la cabbiray ee ku hoos jira xaaladda ugu xun (voltage, inta jeer).Si fudud loo dhigo, qulqulka hadda jira ee tijaabada korantada adkeysiga waa qulqulka hadda socda ee lagu cabbiro koronto shaqaynaysa ma jirto, iyo daadinta tamarta hadda (xidhiidhka hadda) waa qulqulka hadda socda ee lagu cabbiro hawlgalka caadiga ah.
A: Alaabooyinka elektarooniga ah ee qaabab kala duwan, cabbiraadda taabashada hadda jirta sidoo kale waxay leedahay shuruudo kala duwan, laakiin guud ahaan, tabashada hadda waxa loo qaybin karaa xidhiidhka dhulka ee hadda Leakage-ka dhulka ee hadda jira, korka-ilaa-dhul xidhiidhka hadda jira Dusha sare ee Leakage Hadda iyo oogada Leakge-to-line Leakage Hadda Saddex taabo Dusha hadda jira ilaa Dusha sare ee Leakage imtixaanada hadda jira
A: Qaybaha birta ah ee la heli karo ama xidhidhiyaha alaabta elektiroonigga ah ee qalabka Class I waa in ay sidoo kale lahaadaan wareegga dhulka oo wanaagsan si ay uga hortagto shoog koronto oo aan ahayn dahaarka aasaasiga ah.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaan inta badan la kulannaa isticmaalayaasha qaarkood kuwaas oo si sabab la'aan ah u isticmaala qalabka Class I sida qalabka II, ama si toos ah uga saara terminaalka dhulka (GND) dhamaadka gelinta korantada ee qalabka Class I, markaa waxaa jira khataro amni oo gaar ah.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa mas'uuliyadda soo saaraha inay ka fogaato khatarta isticmaalaha ay sababtay xaaladdan.Tani waa sababta tijaabada hadda la taabto loo sameeyo.
J: Inta lagu jiro tijaabada AC ee u adkeysiga danab, ma jiro halbeeg sababtoo ah noocyada kala duwan ee walxaha la tijaabiyey, jiritaanka awoodaha leexsan ee walxaha la tijaabiyey, iyo noocyada kala duwan ee tijaabada, markaa ma jiro heer.
J: Sida ugu fiican ee lagu ogaan karo danabka tijaabada waa in loo dejiyo si waafaqsan tilmaamaha looga baahan yahay tijaabada.Guud ahaan, waxaan dejin doonaa danab imtixaanka si waafaqsan 2 jeer danab shaqeeya iyo 1000V.Tusaale ahaan, haddii tamarta shaqada ee alaabtu tahay 115VAC, waxaanu isticmaalnaa 2 x 115 + 1000 = 1230 Volt sida danabka tijaabada ah.Dabcan, korantada imtixaanku waxay sidoo kale yeelan doontaa goobo kala duwan sababtoo ah darajooyinka kala duwan ee lakabyada dahaarka.
J: Saddexdan erey dhammaantood macno isku mid ah bay leeyihiin, laakiin inta badan si is beddel ah ayaa loo adeegsadaa warshadaha imtixaannada.
J: Tijaabada caabbinta dahaarka iyo tijaabada korantada ee adkeysiga ayaa aad isku mid ah.Codso danab DC ah oo gaaraya ilaa 1000V labada dhibcood ee la tijaabinayo.Imtixaanka IR wuxuu inta badan bixiyaa qiimaha iska caabinta megohms, ma aha ka gudbidda/Fail matalaadda ee imtixaanka Hipot.Caadi ahaan, korantada tijaabadu waa 500V DC, iyo iska caabbinta dahaarka (IR) qiimaha waa inuusan ka yarayn dhowr megohms.Tijaabada iska caabbinta dahaarka waa tijaabo aan wax dumin ahayn waxaana lagu ogaan karaa in dahaarka uu wanaagsan yahay iyo in kale.Qeexitaannada qaarkood, tijaabada caabbinta dahaarka ayaa la sameeyaa marka hore ka dibna tijaabinta tamarta adkaysiga.Marka tijaabada caabbinta dahaarka ay fashilanto, tijaabada korantada adkeysigu inta badan waa guuldareysta.
J: Tijaabada isku xirka dhulka, dadka qaarkiis waxay ugu yeeraan joogteynta dhulka (Ground Continuity), imtixaanka, wuxuu cabbiraa is-hortaagga u dhexeeya rack DUT iyo boostada dhulka.Tijaabada dammaanadda dhulka ayaa go'aamisa in wareegga ilaalinta DUT ay si ku filan u xamili karto cilladda hadda jirta haddii alaabtu ku guuldareysato.Tijaabada dammaanadda dhulka ayaa soo saari doona ugu badnaan 30A DC hadda ama AC rms hadda ah (CSA waxay u baahan tahay cabbir 40A) iyada oo loo marayo wareegga dhulka si loo go'aamiyo xannibaadda wareegga dhulka, kaas oo guud ahaan ka hooseeya 0.1 ohms.
J: Tijaabada IR waa imtixaan tayo leh oo siinaya calaamad muujinaysa tayada qaraabada ee nidaamka dahaarka.Badanaa waxaa lagu tijaabiyaa koronto DC ah oo ah 500V ama 1000V, natiijaduna waxaa lagu qiyaasaa iska caabin megohm ah.Tijaabada danab-iska-caabbinta sidoo kale waxay khusaysaa danab sare qalabka tijaabada (DUT), laakiin danabka la dabaqay ayaa ka sarreeya kan IR-ka.Waxaa lagu samayn karaa korantada AC ama DC.Natiijooyinka waxaa lagu cabbiraa milliamps ama microamps.Qeexitaannada qaarkood, tijaabada IR ayaa marka hore la sameeyaa, oo ay ku xigto tijaabada awoodda adkeysiga.Haddii aaladda tijaabada ku jirta (DUT) ay ku guul darreysato tijaabada IR, aaladda tijaabada ku jirta (DUT) waxay sidoo kale ku guul dareysataa tijaabinta korantada adkeysiga iyadoo koronto sare leh.
J: Ujeedada tijaabada impedance ee dhulka ayaa ah in la hubiyo in siliga dhulka lagu ilaalinayo uu u adkeysan karo qulqulka cilada hadda jirta si loo hubiyo badbaadada isticmaaleyaasha marka xaalad aan caadi ahayn ay ku dhacdo alaabta qalabka.Heerarka tijaabada korantada waxay u baahan tahay in korantada furan ee ugu badan aysan dhaafin xadka 12V, taas oo ku saleysan tixgalinta badbaadada isticmaalaha.Mar haddii ay cilladdu tijaabadu dhacdo, hawlwadeenka waxaa lagu yarayn karaa khatarta korontadu.Heerarka guud wuxuu u baahan yahay in caabbinta dhulka ay ka yaraato 0.1ohm.Waxaa lagu talinayaa in la isticmaalo tijaabada hadda AC ee leh inta jeer ee 50Hz ama 60Hz si loo daboolo jawiga shaqada dhabta ah ee alaabta.
J: Waxaa jira xoogaa farqi ah oo u dhexeeya tijaabada awoodda adkeysiga iyo tijaabada korontadu, laakiin guud ahaan, kala duwanaanshahan ayaa lagu soo koobi karaa sidan soo socota.Tijaabada korantada adkeysigu waa in la isticmaalo danab sare si loo cadaadiyo dahaarka alaabta si loo go'aamiyo in awooda dahaarka ee alaabtu ku filan tahay si looga hortago qulqulka xad dhaafka ah.Tijaabada hadda socota waa in la cabbiro qulqulka qulqulka ee ku qulqulaya badeecada iyada oo hoos timaada xaaladaha caadiga ah iyo kuwa hal cilad leh ee sahayda korontada marka alaabta la isticmaalo.
J: Farqiga u dhexeeya wakhtiga dheecaanku wuxuu ku xiran yahay awoodda shayga la tijaabiyay iyo wareegga dheecaanka ee tijaabiyaha tamarta adkeysiga.Markasta oo ay kor u kacdo awoodda, ayaa sii dheeraynaysa wakhtiga sii daynta ee loo baahan yahay.
A: Qalabka heerka I macneheedu waxa weeye in qaybaha dabaylaha ee la heli karo ay ku xidhan yihiin kaariyada ilaalinta dhulka;marka dahaarka aasaasiga ah uu ku guuldareysto, kirishbooyada ilaalinta grounding waa in ay awoodaan in ay u adkeysan qaladka hadda, taas oo ah, marka dahaarka aasaasiga ah ku guuldareysto, qaybaha la heli karo ma noqon karaan qaybo koronto nool.Si fudud loo dhigo, qalabka leh biinka dhulka lagu xidho ee xadhigga korantada waa qalabka I Class.Qalabka fasalka II kuma tiirsana oo kaliya "Dahaadhka Aasaasiga ah" si uu uga ilaaliyo korontada, laakiin sidoo kale wuxuu bixiyaa taxadaro kale oo badbaado ah sida "Dahaadhka Laba jeer" ama "Insulation La xoojiyay".Ma jiraan wax shuruudo ah oo ku saabsan isku halaynta dhulka ilaalinta ama xaaladaha rakibida.
